Tarihin Ƙasar Najeriya: Kafuwa, Yankuna, da Shugabanni

1. Gabatarwa: Fadin Yanayin Ƙasar Najeriya

Ƙasar Najeriya, wacce take cikin yankin Afirka ta Yamma, ta kasance gida ne ga arziƙin tarihi da al’adu. Tana da yawan jama’a sama da miliyan 200, wanda ya sa ta zama ƙasa mafi yawan jama’a a Afirka. Tarihin Najeriya ya shafe shekaru aru-aru, ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da al’adu waɗanda suka sa ta zama ƙasa mai muhimmanci a duniya. Wannan rubutun zai bincika tarihin ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar bayyana asalinta, yankunanta, shugabanninta, da kuma yadda ta fuskantar ƙalubalen zamani.

2. Tarihin Kafuwar Ƙasar Najeriya

2.1. Zamannen Kafin Tarihi

Binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a yankin Najeriya tun kusan shekaru 9,000 da suka wuce. An gano kayan tarihi a yankin Nok waɗanda suka nuna cewa al’ummar da suka zauna a nan sun kasance masu sana’ar ƙarfe da sassaken kayan tarihi. Al’ummar Nok sun kafa tushen al’adun gargajiya a yankin.

2.2. Daulolin Gargajiya

Yankin Najeriya ya ga kafuwar dauloli da yawa a tarihi, ciki har da:

Daular Nok (500 KZ – 200 AD):

• Tsohuwar al’umma a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya

• Mashahuri saboda sassaken kayan tarihi na terra cotta

• Cibiyar noma da sana’a

Daular Kanem-Borno (700-1800 AD):

• Ta mamaye yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya

• Cibiyar kasuwanci ta trans-Saharan

• Karɓar Musulunci a ƙarni na 11

Daular Hausa Bakwai (1000-1804 AD):

• Bakwai dauloli: Daura, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Rano, da Biram

• Cibiyoyin kasuwanci da al’adu

• Karɓar Musulunci a ƙarni na 14

Daular Oyo (1400-1835 AD):

• Mafi ƙarfi daga cikin daulolin Yarbawa

• Tsarin mulki na sarauta

• Ƙarfin soja da kasuwanci

Daular Benin (1180-1897 AD):

• Mashahuri saboda sassaken kayan tarihi na tagulla

• Tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi

• Gine-gine masu ban mamaki

2.3. Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka

Turawan Ingila sun mamaye yankin Najeriya a ƙarshen karni na 19. An kafa Najeriya ta zamani a shekara ta 1914 ta hanyar haɗa Arewacin Najeriya da Kudancin Najeriya. Lord Lugard ya kafa tsarin mulkin gargajiya.

2.4. Samun ‘Yancin Kai

Najeriya ta sami ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya zama firaminista na farko. Nnamdi Azikiwe ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko a jamhuriya ta farko a shekara ta 1963.

3. Yankunan Ƙasar Najeriya da Tarihinsu

3.1. Yankin Arewa

Jihohin Arewa:

• Kano

• Katsina

• Kaduna

• Sokoto

• Borno

• Bauchi

• da sauransu

Tarihi:

• Gida ne ga daulolin Hausa da Kanem-Borno

• Cibiyar kasuwancin trans-Saharan

• Karɓar Musulunci a farkon tarihi

Al’adu:

• Al’adun Hausa da Fulani

• Sana’ar auduga

• Kiɗa da rawa

3.2. Yankin Kudu maso Yamma

Jihohin Yamma:

• Lagos

• Oyo

• Ogun

• Osun

• Ondo

• Ekiti

Tarihi:

• Gida ne ga daular Oyo

• Tasirin addinin Yarbawa

• Cibiyar kasuwanci ta teku

Al’adu:

• Al’adun Yarbawa

• Sana’ar sassaken kayan tarihi

• Kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo

3.3. Yankin Kudu maso Gabas

Jihohin Gabas:

• Enugu

• Anambra

• Imo

• Abia

• Ebonyi

Tarihi:

• Gida ne ga mutanen Igbo

• Tasirin al’adun Nok

• Rikicin Biafra

Al’adu:

• Al’adun Igbo

• Sana’ar masaku

• Ngu na al’ada

3.4. Yankin Kudu

Jihohin Kudu:

• Rivers

• Bayelsa

• Akwa Ibom

• Cross River

• Delta

Tarihi:

• Gida ne ga mutanen Ijaw, Ibibio, da Ogoni

• Tasirin kasuwancin bayi

• Cibiyar man fetur

Al’adu:

• Al’adun kabilun kudu

• Sana’ar kamun kifi

• Bukukuwan ruwa

4. Shugabannin Ƙasar Najeriya Tun Samun ‘Yancin Kai

4.1. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1960-1966)

• Firaminista na farko bayan samun ‘yancin kai

• Shugaban jam’iyyar NPC

• Rasu a juyin mulkin soja na 1966

4.2. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1963-1966)

• Shugaban ƙasa na farko

• Mashahurin marubuci kuma mai fafutuka

• Tsohon gwamnan janar na Najeriya

4.3. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (1966)

• Shugaban mulkin soja na farko

• Ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa na tarayya

• An kashe shi a juyin mulkin soja

4.4. Yakubu Gowon (1966-1975)

• Ya jagoranci Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar Biafra

• Ya kafa MAN (National Youth Service Corps)

• An hambarar da shi a juyin mulkin soja

4.5. Murtala Mohammed (1975-1976)

• Ya fara gyaran gudanarwa

• Ya canza babban birni daga Lagos zuya Abuja

• An kashe shi a wani yunkurin juyin mulki

4.6. Olusegun Obasanjo (1976-1979)

• Ya mika mulki ga farar hula

• Tsohon soja kuma dan siyasa

• Ya dawo mulki a 1999 a matsayin zababben shugaba

4.7. Shehu Shagari (1979-1983)

• Shugaban jamhuriya na farko a karkashin tsarin mulki na 1979

• Shugaban jam’iyyar NPN

• An hambarar da shi a juyin mulkin soja

4.8. Muhammadu Buhari (1983-1985)

• Shugaban mulkin soja

• Ya fara yakin yi wa rashawa

• An hambarar da shi a juyin mulkin soja

4.9. Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993)

• Ya soke zaben shugaban kasa na 1993

• Ya gabatar da shirin SAP (Structural Adjustment Program)

• Ya mika mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula

4.10. Sani Abacha (1993-1998)

• Shugaban mulkin soja

• Lokacin da aka yi wa ‘yan adawa tsanantawa

• Rasu a ofis

4.11. Abdulsalami Abubakar (1998-1999)

• Ya gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya na 1999

• Ya mika mulki ga farar hula

4.12. Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007)

• Zababben shugaba na farko bayan mulkin soja

• Ya fara yaki da rashawa

• Ya soke basussukan kasashen waje

4.13. Umaru Musa Yar’Adua (2007-2010)

• Ya gabatar da shirin 7-point agenda

• Ya fara yakin neman zaman lafiya a Delta

• Rasu a ofis

4.14. Goodluck Jonathan (2010-2015)

• Ya jagoranci Najeriya a lokacin rikicin Boko Haram

• Ya yi nasarar gudanar da zabe mai zaman kansa

• Ya amince da sakamakon zabe inda ya yi rashin nasara

4.15. Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2023)

• Zaba a karo na biyu a matsayin shugaba

• Ya ci gaba da yaki da rashawa da ta’addanci

• Tsohon shugaban mulkin soja

4.16. Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023-yanzu)

• Shugaban kasa na yanzu

• Tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas

• Shugaban jam’iyyar APC

5. Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Najeriya

5.1. Man Fetur da Gas

• Najeriya ta kasance mai fitar da man fetur

• Tana da manyan ajiyar man fetur a Afirka

• Masana’antar man fetur tana samar da kusan kashi 90% na kudaden shiga na kasashen waje

5.2. Noma

Manyan kayayyakin noma sun hada da:

• Auduga

• Cacao

• Gyaɗa

• Gero

• Dawa

• Shinkafa

5.3. Masana’antu

Manyan sassan masana’antu sun hada da:

• Masana’antar sarrafa man fetur

• Masana’antar sinadarai

• Masana’antar kayan masarufi

• Masana’antar abinci

6. Al’adu da Addini

6.1. Al’adu

Al’adun Najeriya sun hada da:

• Kiɗa (Hip Hop, Juju, Fuji, Afrobeat)

• Fina-finai (Nollywood)

• Wasan kwaikwayo da adabi

• Tufafi da suttura

• Abinci da abin sha

6.2. Addini

Addinai a Najeriya sun hada da:

• Musulunci (kusan kashi 50%)

• Kiristanci (kusan kashi 50%)

• Addinan gargajiya

7. Ƙalubalen Zamani

Najeriya na fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa, ciki har da:

• Ta’addanci (Boko Haram, bandoki)

• Rashin tsaro

• Rashawa da rashin gudanarwa

• Talauci da rashin aikin yi

• Rikice-rikicen kabilu da addini

• Matsalolin kiwon lafiya

• Tabarbarewar muhalli

8. Karshe: Makomar Ƙasar Najeriya

Duk da ƙalubalen da ke fuskanta, Najeriya tana da damar ci gaba. Tana da:

• Yawan jama’a masu karfin aiki

• Albarkatun ƙasa masu yawa

• Tattalin arziki mai girma

• Al’adu masu ƙarfi

• Tsarin dimokuradiyya

Najeriya na buƙatar shirye-shirye masu kyau da gudanarwa mai kyau don cimma burinta na zama manyan ƙasashe 20 a duniya.

9. Karin Bincike da Manazarta

Don ƙarin bincike, akwai littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka bincika tarihin Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin su sun hada da:

• “There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra” da Chinua Achebe

• “The History of Nigeria” da Toyin Falola

• “Nigeria: A New History of a Turbulent Century” da Richard Bourne

Hakanan, akwai shafukan yanar gizo na hukuma waɗanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da Najeriya.

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ƙasar Najeriya

A taƙaice, tarihin Ƙasar Najeriya ya ƙunshi shekaru aru-aru na ci gaban al’adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. Daga zamanin daular Nok, Kanem-Borno, da Oyo zuwa mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da samun ‘yancin kai, Najeriya ta fuskanci canje-canje masu yawa. Duk da haka, al’ummar Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunƙasa, tana da al’adun da suka dade, da kuma albarkatun ƙasa. Tunanin gaba na Najeriya yana da alaƙa da yadda za a magance matsalolin zamani yayin da ake kiyaye asalinta. Tarihin Najeriya ya zama abin koyi ga ƙasashe a yankin, yana nuna cewa juriya da haɗin kai suna ba da damar ci gaba.

Ta wannan hanyar, tarihin Ƙasar Najeriya ya ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru, mutane, da al’adu waɗanda suka sa wannan ƙasa ta zama mai mahimmanci a tarihin Afirka da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.